Determinants of information diffusion in online communication on vaccination: The benefits of visual displays

ObjectiveSocial media are an increasingly important source of information on the benefits and risks of vaccinations, but the high prevalence of misinformation provides challenges for informed vaccination decisions. It is therefore important to understand which messages are likely to diffuse online and why, and how relevant aspects—such as scientific facts on vaccination effectiveness—can be made more comprehensible and more likely to be shared. In two studies, we (i) explore which characteristics of messages on flu vaccination facilitate their diffusion in online communication, and (ii) whether visual displays (i.e., icon arrays) facilitate the comprehension and diffusion of scientific effectiveness information.MethodsIn Study 1, 208 participants each rated a random sample of 15 out of 63 messages on comprehensibility, trustworthiness, persuasiveness, familiarity, informativeness, valence, and arousal, and then reported which information they would share with subsequent study participants. In Study 2 (N = 758), we employed the same rating procedure for a selected set of 9 messages and experimentally manipulated how scientific effectiveness information was displayed.ResultsStudy 1 illustrated that scientific effectiveness information was difficult to understand and thus did not diffuse well. Study 2 demonstrated that visual displays improved the understanding of this information, which could, in turn, increase its social impact.ConclusionsThe comprehensibility of scientific information is an important prerequisite for its diffusion. Visual displays can facilitate informed vaccination decisions by rendering important information on vaccination effectiveness more transparent and increasing the willingness to share this information.     

Qualité des supports de communication de crise lors de la pandémie de la COVID-19 au Grand Maghreb

ObjectiveTo objectively assess the quality of “crisis communication” media, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the three Greater Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco).MethodsA compliance audit for press releases and epidemiological bulletins was analyzed against a quality benchmark, which had been specifically designed by the authors. This framework, made up of five dimensions and 50 items, graded (0/1), was applied by two researchers in preventive medicine. Multiplying the scores by a coefficient of two resulted in a partial score of 20 points for each dimension and a total score of 100 points for the checklist taken as a whole. The quality of the communication media was considered to be good when exceeding the thresholds of 15/20 for the different dimensions and 75/100 for the entire grid.ResultsA total of 141 information media were included in this audit (Tunisia: 60; Algeria: 60; Morocco: 21). The overall median quality score for these media was only 56/100 (IIQ: [46–58]), without major variability between countries. The most appreciated dimension was “maintaining the confidence of the population”, with an overall median score of 14/20 (12/20 for epidemiological bulletins and 16/20 for press releases). The most poorly rated dimension was “strengthening community participation”, with a median score of only 4/20 (6/20 for epidemiological bulletins and 4/20 for press releases).ConclusionThe quality of the Maghreb crisis communication media during COVID-19 was insufficient in most of its dimensions and items, particularly from a psychosocial standpoint. Reinforcement of the capacities of communication officers to develop information material and supports during health crises is indispensable and should be considered as an urgent matter.     

Who receives influenza vaccinations at the Pharmacy? An analysis of the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

IntroductionVaccination helps to prevent influenza infection and reduce associated costs but the influenza vaccination rate in Texas for adults between the ages of 18 to 64 years old is the lowest in the US. Pharmacies and alternative locations have been shown to help increase vaccination rates but many adults still go unvaccinated.ObjectiveThis research aims to determine the factors associated with obtaining influenza vaccination at the pharmacy compared to non-pharmacy locations in Texas.MethodThis study used pooled Texas Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System datasets (2014 to 2018) for this assessment. The main outcome variable was categorized into pharmacy and non-pharmacy vaccination locations and analyzed using a logistic regression analysis. Further statistical analysis was done using a multinomial logistic regression after re-categorizing the outcome variable into pharmacy, doctor office, and other locations.ResultBlacks were 63% (AOR 0.37, C.I. 0.26, 0.50) and Hispanics were 38% (AOR 0.62, C.I. 0.48, 0.80) less likely to receive influenza vaccinations at the pharmacy respectively when compared to Whites. Furthermore, those who did not live in a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) were 33% (AOR 0.67, C.I 0.53, 0.84) less likely to receive influenza vaccinations at the pharmacy compared to those who lived in an MSA. While there was no observed difference in the likelihood of receiving influenza vaccination, the unemployed population were 40% (AOR 1.40, C.I 1.15, 1.71) more likely to be vaccinated in the pharmacy compared to the employed population.ConclusionThere is potential for increased utilization of pharmacies as a source of influenza vaccination in Texas. Racial differences exist both for receiving influenza vaccinations and being vaccinated in the pharmacy. Influenza vaccination advocacy and education efforts may be necessary to improve pharmacy-based vaccination in Texas, especially for minorities and rural-dwelling Texans.     

Cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnant women,healthcare workers and adults >= 60 years of age in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

BackgroundPregnant women, healthcare workers (HW), and adults >= 60 years have shown an increased vulnerability to seasonal influenza virus infections and/or complications. In 2012, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) initiated a national influenza vaccination program for these target groups. A cost-effectiveness evaluation of this program was undertaken to inform program sustainability.MethodsWe designed a decision-analytical model and collected influenza-related medical resource utilization and cost data, including indirect costs. Model inputs were obtained from medical record abstraction, interviews of patients and staff at hospitals in the national influenza sentinel surveillance system and/or from literature reviews. We compared the annual disease and economic impact of influenza illnesses in each of the target groups in Lao PDR under scenarios of no vaccination and vaccination, and then estimated the cost-effectiveness of the vaccination program. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify influential variables.ResultsOverall, the vaccination of pregnant women, HWs, and adults >= 60 years could annually save 11,474 doctor visits, 1,961 days of hospitalizations, 43,027 days of work, and 1,416 life-years due to laboratory-confirmed influenza illness. After comparing the total vaccination program costs of 23.4 billion Kip, to the 18.4 billion Kip saved through vaccination, we estimated the vaccination program to incur a net cost of five billion Kip (599,391 USD) annually. The incremental cost per life-year saved (ICER) was 44 million Kip (5,295 USD) and 6.9 million Kip (825 USD) for pregnant women and adults >= 60 years, respectively. However, vaccinating HWs provided societal cost-savings, returning 2.88 Kip for every single Kip invested. Influenza vaccine effectiveness, attack rate and illness duration were the most influential variables to the model.ConclusionProviding influenza vaccination to HWs in Lao PDR is cost-saving while vaccinating pregnant women and adults >= 60 is cost-effective and highly cost-effective, respectively, per WHO standards.     

艾滋病的流行情况和危险因素与预防进展

艾滋病疫情的特征是人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)特异性地攻击CD4⁺T淋巴细胞,导致患者出现各种机会性感染或肿瘤,从而造成获得性免疫缺陷功能障碍(AIDS)。当前我国的艾滋病疫情处于总体低流行状况,疫情地区分布差异大,性传播逐渐成为主要传播途径,艾滋病疫情上升速度有所减缓,但是流行因素依然存在。同时我国科研与卫生工作者针对我国的艾滋病做了大量的工作,譬如已经进行了大量的流行病调查与科研前期分析,开发了一些前期用药,了解了多数艾滋病高发地区的疫情状况,但是存在一定的不足。本文综述了艾滋病的流行情况,深入阐述了艾滋病的危险因素与传播方式,重点论述了艾滋病的预防进展,包括心理干预、夫妻支持和社会支持等,希望为艾滋病的早诊断、早治疗提供帮助。     

2008—2018年济南市饮用水健康风险时空特征研究

目的 为掌握济南市饮用水水质卫生状况,识别可能存在健康风险的有害物质,为今后安全供水提供技术依据。方法 收集济南市2008—2018年生活饮用水监测数据,利用美国环保署风险评估四步法,分析健康风险时间、空间分布情况。结果 氟化物、硝酸盐氮少量水样非致癌风险超过1.0,农村水样风险高于城市。砷、铅检出较少,但检出限高于风险限,可能存在未分辨风险。三氯甲烷城市水样每年有12.5%或25%的比例致癌风险超过10-6,农村水样只在2017年有5%超过10-6。结论 济南市2008—2018年饮用水健康风险整体较低。但砷检出限较高,目前检测技术难以定量分辨砷致癌风险。需开展持续监测和定期评估,及时发现潜在问题。需要增加农村自来水饮用宣传,消除地方性饮水型高氟。     

2015—2019年扬州市食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测结果分析

目的 了解扬州市食品中化学污染物及有害因素的污染状况,确定风险因子的可能来源及分布,为食品安全防控工作提供数据依据。方法 依据每年扬州市《食品安全风险监测方案》,2015—2019年在扬州市辖区内采集食品样品,并进行相关化学污染物及有害因素的检测。结果 5年共检测23大类1 311份食品样品208个指标,样品合格率为97.79%;其中8类29份食品样品中13个指标超标,样品超标率为2.21%。不合格指标为蔬菜中农药残留和镉、茶叶和水果中农药残留、水产动物中总砷、藻类中铅、粉丝和油条中含铝添加剂、小麦制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、蜂蜜中甲硝唑。结论 扬州市食品中的化学污染情况总体较好,但部分食品中仍存在污染物超标现象,应引起相关部门的重视。     

2型糖尿病患者并发轻度认知功能障碍危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统评价2型糖尿病患者并发轻度认知功能障碍的危险因素。方法 检索CNKI、WanFang、VIP、CBM、Medline(PubMed)、EMbase、Web of Science和The Cochrane Library 数据库从建库至2020年12月2日有关2型糖尿病患者并发轻度认知功能障碍危险因素的所有文献后进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入文献18篇,研究对象3083例。各危险因素的合并OR(95%CI)为:年龄1.20(1.09,1.33)、文化程度0.67(0.55,0.82)、吸烟史1.41(0.69,2.89)、糖尿病病程1.17(1.06,1.29)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)1.33(1.09,1.62)、空腹血葡萄糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)0.88(0.75,1.03)、空腹血清C肽(Fasting c-peptide,FCP)0.41(0.16,1.04)、餐后2h血糖(2h plasma glucose,2hPG)1.90(0.52,6.87)、低密度脂蛋白胆同醇(LDL-C)1.42(1.26,1.59)、超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitive C reactive protein,hs-CRP)1.52(1.06,2.20)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)1.00(0.48,2.08)、冠心病2.57(1.93,3.43)、高血压2.58(1.62,4.13)、周围神经病变1.10(0.10,12.57)。结论 高龄、文化程度低、糖尿病病程长、高HbA1c、高LDL-C、高hs-CRP、冠心病、高血压是2型糖尿病患者并发轻度认知功能障碍的主要危险因素。     

严重精神障碍患者的高危行为风险因素分析

目的 分析影响社区居家严重精神障碍患者的高危行为因素,为更好地开展风险监测、预警和干预模式提供依据。方法 收集存在危害他人/自身安全行为或危险的严重精神障碍患者240例为病例组,近3年未出现过高危行为的患者240例为对照组。收集患者的基本信息、疾病情况、家庭及社区管理等因素进行病例对照研究。结果 病例组以男性为主,精神分裂症居多（134例,55.83%）,平均入院年龄（41.57±13.125）岁,病程(M)11.5年;两组在不同的婚姻状态、精神疾病家族史、病程、暴力行为史、就业状态、家庭经济状况、享受以奖代补政策、自知力程度上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。丧偶或离异［OR(95%CI)=4.487（2.033~9.902）］、有精神疾病家族史［OR(95%CI)=2.017（1.091~4.311）］、无业［OR(95%CI)=2.152（1.053~4.399）］、家庭经济贫困［OR(95%CI)=2.631（1.205~5.742）］、有暴力行为史［OR(95%CI)=6.619（1.305~33.558）］是发生高危行为的影响因素。结论 离异/丧偶状态、 家族史阳性、家庭贫困、无业、有暴力行为史患者是严重精神障碍患者可能出现高危行为的风险人群。在社区服务中应加强管理,降低患者高危行为的发生。     

异位妊娠危险因素分析

目的 分析、研究异位妊娠相关因素,早期发现及时诊治。方法 收集异位妊娠64例,与同期正常妊娠62例对照,两组就相关危险因素进行对比分析。结果 感染、手术、尤其是输卵管手术、不孕症、多次流产、IUD等同异位妊娠密切相关,与正常妊娠组在统计学上差异显著(P<0.001)。结论 近年来,异位妊娠发生率呈明显上升趋势,大出血仍是早孕妇女死亡的重要原因。各种危险因素的增加同其发病率的不断上升密切相关。应重视异位妊娠的相关因素。早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗。